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This is a conference paper. ; Digital human modelling (DHM) most frequently models humans that are able-bodied and of working age. However, increased life expectancy is resulting in employment above 'normal' retirement age, often reflected in legislation changing state pension age and freedom for workers to work as long as wish. The resulting older workforce has many positive aspects including increased experience, wisdom, loyalty and motivation, but negative effects such as the loss of capabilities in strength, mobility, vision and hearing will also be present. Inclusive design aims to accommodate more of the workforce in the design of workplaces so it is essential that design methods are able to cope with the ageing workforce. A case study was conducted in a furniture manufacturing company, particularly to investigate the usefulness of a DHM-based inclusive design method in determining working strategies that are suitable for older workers in terms of work productivity, well-being and safety.

This paper was presented at the 9th International Conference on Manufacturing Research (ICMR 2011). Glasgow, 6th-8th September 2011. ; The primary source research is going to be based upon the examination of war diaries and personal papers with reference to three specimen battles, or perhaps rather campaigns, during the Great War. Loos, in September 1915, Arras in April – May 1917 and The 100 Days between August and November 1918. The engagements are to be looked at with reference to manufacturing output and supply. Quite simply how did the availability and delivery of supplies affect the outcome of these battles in their at-tempt to solve the crisis of the war? Was anything learned and implemented by manufacturing and sup-ply after each battle?. The Great War has a huge amount to tell us, it contains many lessons for the future. How the British nation managed to go from an inability to manufacture all of its military requirements in 1914 to manufacturing and supplying so much later in the war that the material losses of March/April 1918 were absorbed and recouped and how the mobile war of August to November 1918, the 100 Days, was maintained and supplied is worth examining.

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal International Journal of the Digital Human and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJDH.2016.077408. ; This paper aims to provide a retrospective of the use of a digital human modelling tool (SAMMIE) that was perhaps the first usable tool and is still active today. Relationships between digital human modelling and inclusive design, engineering design and ergonomics practice are discussed using examples from design studies using SAMMIE and government-funded research. Important issues such as accuracy of representation and handling multivariate rather than univariate evaluations are discussed together with methods of use in terms of defining end product users and tasks. Consideration is given to the use of the digital human modelling approach by non-ergonomists particularly with respect to understanding of the impact of human variability, jurisdiction and communication issues.

This paper was published by Taylor & Francis in the Open Access journal Production & Manufacturing Research. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecom mons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Developing countries contain a large proportion of the global population and the percentage of older people and people with disabilities is increasing. The demographics are discussed in the context of inclusive design and the drivers and barriers to inclusive design have been identified. Data was collected from 50 manufacturing-related individuals from various industrial sectors in Pakistan. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) relates to inclusive aspects of products, environment or service design, but most respondents either did not know about CSR or did not have a CSR post in their organizations, but 64% had awareness of inclusive design terminology. The study concluded that motivation through social responsibility; innovation and differentiation; demographics and consumer trends; brand enhancement; customer satisfaction; new market opportunity and legislation were the perceived drivers for manufacturers in Pakistan. Most respondents felt that lack of resources and guidance, lack of awareness about inclusive design, difficulty in changing the business culture, lack of government regulations and the perception that inclusive design is expensive were the most significant barriers to the promotion of inclusive design in manufacturing industries. Consequently, strategies should be adopted to raise inclusive design awareness, promote perceived drivers and overcome barriers.

The author would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Malaysian Government through the author's home University: Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). In addition the support of the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC), through the funding of a research project entitled 'STEP-NC Compliant Machining and Inspection' at Loughborough University is acknowledged. ; Several CAPP and CAM systems related to STEP-NC compliance are being implemented or commercialized around the world but the focus on turning operations has been limited in the second respect. This paper describes and illustrates a STEP compliant CAD/CAPP/CAM System for the manufacture of rotational parts on CNC turning centers. The information models to support the proposed system together with the data models defined in the ISO14649 standard used to create the NC programs are also described. A structured view of a STEP compliant CAD/CAPP/CAM system framework supporting the next generation of intelligent CNC controllers for turn/mill component manufacture is provided. Finally the authors proposed system is outlined by the modeling of a turn/mill workstation and through the use of user interface dialogs that depict the information held in the models. A case study component has been developed to prove the concept for using the milling and turning parts of ISO14649 to provide a turn-mill CAD/CAPP/CAM environment.

This paper was presented at the 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics AHFE 2015 and the Affiliated Conferences, Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas, USA and published in Procedia Manufacturing by Elsevier under a CC BY NC ND licence. ; Digital human modelling (DHM) has often focused on user populations that could be characterised as able-bodied and in the working age group. It is clear however that demographic changes are resulting in older populations in developed countries but this is also becoming increasingly true even in developing countries. The economic pressures of increased life expectancy are resulting in demands for workers to remain in employment well past what would previously have been considered a normal retirement age. In many countries legislation is increasing retirement ages for entitlement to state pensions, and enforceable retirement ages are being outlawed. As a consequence older working populations can be expected. Age in the workforce has many positive aspects including increased experience, wisdom, loyalty and motivation, but an inevitable consequence of ageing is negative effects such as the loss of capabilities in strength, mobility, vision and hearing. The challenge of including older workers is recognised as an important aspect of Inclusive Design and DHM is recognised as a potentially useful method for its implementation. Today's highly demanding and competitive working environments require the highest levels of productivity from individuals so that overall operational and business objectives can be achieved. DHM-based workplace risk assessment methods have successfully been used to improve working environments by conducting virtual posture based ergonomic risk analysis. Older workers are significantly different from younger workers in terms of their physical, physiological and cognitive capabilities and these capabilities directly or indirectly affect human work performance. This article suggests the use of human capability data in a virtual environment to explore the level of acceptability of a working strategy based on real capability data (joint mobility in this case) of older workers. A case study shows that the proposed DHM-based inclusive design method is useful recommending working strategies that are acceptable for older workers in terms of work productivity, well-being and safety.

For over 10 years research has been conducted by the Design School at Loughborough University
in the United Kingdom (UK) into accessibility of products, services and environments with a particular
focus on the needs of older and disabled people. As part of this research a computer based tool called
HADRIAN has been developed to encourage empathy between designers, planners and people who
are older or who may have some form of impairment. In addition, the tool provides a means to evaluate
the accessibility and inclusiveness of a design by simulating the abilities of older and disabled
people and performing virtual user trials where potential barriers introduced by the proposed design
can be identified and rectified before the design is implemented in the real world.
The paper will present and discuss the need for this work and tool, and the importance of obtaining
data directly from older and disabled people, as well as three validation trials conducted to evaluate
the simulation capabilities of HADRIAN compared to real people interacting with the same tasks.

This is a conference paper. ; 'Design for All', or Inclusive Design, is an approach to the design of products and workplaces that aims to maximise suitability for a wide range of consumers/workers. In particular attempts are made to include elderly and disabled consumers/workers without stigmatising the product or in any other way detracting from its attractiveness to younger more able-bodied users. The interest in Design for All stems from the increasing number of elderly and disabled people in western societies, the considerable economic power that they command and pressure from a wide variety of legislative forces. Research has recently been completed that provides a new basis for the application of ergonomics through computer aided design based on multivariate techniques using anthropometric and other data related to individuals rather than populations. The design tool created (known as HADRIAN) is briefly described. This tool is capable of assessing the percentage of the individuals that are able to perform a task whether this be in a domestic or industrial environment. However, it is not capable of suggesting design changes to improve this percentage accommodation, and hence ongoing research is concerned with 'design synthesis'. The design synthesis approach uses a constraint modeller (SWORDS, which has been used elsewhere in many design and industrial applications) to search a potentially infinite design space to find sets of spatial characteristics of the design that maximise the user accommodation. This design synthesis approach is presented in this paper and described by a case study.

This paper presents research into the area of public transport and accessibility, addressing the support of practitioners in achieving socially inclusive solutions to the mobility issues of diverse populations. For decades, social policy has been underpinned by a stereotyping of populations into simplified sub groups: old, young, disabled, etc. and thus solutions often fail to properly address the richness of human variability. These shortcomings are often 'managed' through the ability for people to adapt, however, this is not a sustainable way in which to build a socially inclusive transport infrastructure. A software design tool called HADRIAN is presented. This tool provides a means to evaluate designs for their physical inclusiveness through the use of a virtual user group. This virtual user group is the embodiment of over 100 people that can be used to assess an existing or proposed design and to gain an understanding of what may be done to improve its accommodation. A case study exploring the use of the tool is described together with work in exploring the correlation of the individuals within the HADRIAN system with data on the UK population as a whole and how the inclusion or exclusion of individuals with specific characteristics can be used to inform a more representative view of the inclusiveness of a design. (author's abstract)